BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since the mosque is one of the most important manifestations of Islamic civilization, it important to examine its spatial structures. The present study aims to identify the main constituent structures of the spaces in mosques and to investigate how they have changed over time, from the early rise of Islam to the contemporary era. METHODS: It is interpretive-historical research carried out through a case study. The required data are collected using library study and observations. In the present study, Aleppo is selected as the case study due to its significance in Islamic civilization and the originality of the works in it, which have led to the inscription of Aleppo city on the UNESCO World Heritage List. FINDINGS: The research findings are classified into 5 classes including four historical periods of Umayyad, Ayyubid, Mamluk, and Ottoman, and the contemporary era, based on the similarities of patterns. The results indicate the changes in the structures of mosques from functional (especially devotional) combinations of open, roofed, and closed spaces to the merely closed space and the changes in the center of the structure from the courtyard (open space) to the domed Shabistan (closed space). CONCLUSION: The pattern of the worship space has changed from columnar Shabistan to domed Shabistan. Shabistan and minarets are the most stable spaces in the spatial structure of mosques from the Ottoman period to the present. In the contemporary period, roofed and open spaces have transition and service functions, respectively and open spaces are most unstable in the spatial structure of mosques.

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes of community pharmacists regarding antibiotic use and potential drug resistance besides assessing their behaviors about dispensing antibiotic without prescription and correlation of the outcomes with demographic variables. A cross- sectional survey was conducted on a random sample of 250 pharmacies in Aleppo, using validated self- administered questionnaire. The total scores of the pharmacistsʹ knowledge and attitudes were correlated with participant demographics using Chi-squared test. One- hundered- seventy-three pharmacies out of 250 agreed to participate in the study. The overall prevalence of dispensing antibiotic without prescription was 85.5%. Only 30.8% of participants exhibited good attitude and 37% had adequate knowledge about antibiotic resistance. Good attitude was strongly correlated with age (P=0.023), years of experience (P=0.007), socioeconomic location of the pharmacy (P=0.009) and number of clinics near pharmacy (P=0.008). The results of this study confirmed that dispensing antibiotic without prescription is a common practice in Aleppo pharmacies despite being unlawful. The half of community pharmacists has a poor attitude and inadequate knowledge with regard to antibiotic resistance, reflecting the need for awareness- raising campaigns directed to community pharmacists to equip them for their main role in the community.

Spontaneous pneumothorax can be either primary due to the rupture of subpleural bleb or secondary due to underlying lung disease, usually bullous emphysema.1Relatively little is known about the causative factors of spontaneous pneumothorax in Arab Countries.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

In 333, Aleppo became the center of Shiite Hamdani rule by Saif al-Dawlah. The activity of this government in various dimensions has led to the proliferation of Shiites in this city. After the Hamdanids, the Mardasid Shiite dynasty ruled in this city. One of the dimensions of Shiite government and population in this city was civilization activities. The works of civilization created by the two Shiite governments Hamdanid and Mardasid and Shiite population of Aleppo, were such as: the development of economic activities and coinage, activities and development of architecture and urbanization, the maintenance and rehabilitation of the castle of the city, the construction and development of the site Shiite symbols. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explore the civilization and the effects of the remaining Shiite civilization in the city of Aleppo in the fourth and fifth centuries, using the sources of this period.

According to importance of aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) that is a fundamental species in Kurdestan forests, a study was conducted to determine the variation ranges of qualitative and quantitative observable attributes in acorn, each a nut and its cupule. In this study collected 390 acorn specimens from 26 forest societys(16 society in Baneh and 10 society in Marivan areas), then 11 quantitative and 6 qualitative attributes were measured and recorded. The obtained data were analyzed in a Nested model and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using mstatc, minitab and genstat. consideration of 11 quantitative attributes resuletes showed that in the 4 nut attributes, style and nut length were the most and less variable attributes with ranges of 0/5-3 mm and 2/6-6 cm and CV =%34 and %13 respectively. Also, in the cupule quantitative attributes category(7 attributes), pedicel length and spiral number were the most and less variable attributes with ranges of 0/1-3/4 cm and 5-10 Spiral number and cV=%61 and %12 respectively. Furthermore, qualitative attributes results of Acorn (6 attributes) showed that nut form was the most variable one and %49/5 of nuts were cylindrical. A rate of %63/8 of the nuts had a smooth hilum. cupules had the less variable qualitative attributes in comparison with the nut attributes category. There were two state for each attribute, so that %89 of the cupules were cylindrical and the remaining had a roundish shape, %50/5 had a roundish shaped base and %49/5 had cuneate base, %80/8 of the cupules an undistinguishable scales on the surface and %63/1 of the scale apex were observed as undistinguishable.

In this study, leaf morphological attributes of Q. infectoria Oliv. (Aleppo oak) in Kurdestan forests were investigated due to obvious differences in leaf forms (Heterophylly) aimed at finding different appearances of leaf quantitative and qualitative attributes. Thus selecting 26 focal points ( 16 society in Bane and 10 society in Marivan areas), 390 leaf samples were collected and 13 morphological characteristics including 6 quantitative and 7 qualitative attributes were defined. Finally, observed data entered as inputs in a Nested Completely Randomized Design (CRD), for processing in Mstatc, Minitab and Genstat. The leaf quantitative resultes description show that leaf area and nerve number were the most and less variable attributes with ranges of 5.5-60 cm and 6- 15 pairs and CV=37% and 15%, respectively. Also, the qualitative results show that this species leaves have stellate tomentum or without hairs, which 90% of the samples were tomentose below and 55% were non- tomentose over. Blade was observed in 3 forms: obovate (96%), ovate and oblong. Margins forms were lobed (95%), siuate or entire. Leaf base was rounded, subcordate and attenuate, from which 63% had rounded base. Leaf apex forms were obtuse (%55) and rounded, also margine teeth apex forms were acute (73%) or rounded.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

As the most complex manufactured structures, cities face excessive population growth. Their expansion has intensified on high-risk sites, and the available evidence also indicates the continuous increase of all types of natural crises in terms of intensity and frequency. Scientific and experimental findings show that the best way to deal with danger is to promote the resilience of settlements in different dimensions (social, economic-livelihood, physical-spatial and institutional); in other words, resilience in both human and environmental dimensions comprehensively. It decreases and increases. This research has evaluated and analyzed the components of resilience in Sari. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in nature. The statistical population in this research includes citizens living in the four districts of Sari, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people, who were selected from among the statistical population by stratified sampling. The questionnaire is the method of collecting library and field information and its most important tool. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) were used by SPSS and Smart PLS software, and entropy and SAW models were exerted. The research results indicate that the situation of the four regions of Sari regarding social components has better conditions than other dimensions of resilience. In terms of institutional components, they have a vulnerable state. According to the entropy model, among the components of resilience, the institutional dimension has the most weight, and the economic dimension has the least weight. Moreover, according to the SAV model, Region 1 ranks first, and Region 3 of Sari ranks last in having the components of resilience dimensions.